Current Issue : July - September Volume : 2014 Issue Number : 3 Articles : 10 Articles
The goal of this investigation was to determine if playing or training on third-generation artificial turf (AT) surfaces increases\nthe incidence rate of injuries compared to natural grass (NG) surfaces. This was accomplished by a meta-analysis performed on\npreviously published research. Eight studies met the criteria of competitive soccer players, participation on both surfaces, and\npresentation of both exposure time and injury occurrence. Exposure time and injury incidence values were used to generate injury\nrate ratios (IRRs, AT/NG) for all injuries as well as specific injuries. Subgroup analyses were also performed by condition (match\nor training), gender, and age (youth or adult). The overall IRR was 0.86 (P < .05) suggesting a lower injury risk on AT than NG.\nHowever, there was considerable heterogeneity between studies. Analyses of individual injuries and subgroups found that in many\ncases IRR values were significantly less than 1.0. In no case was the IRR significantly greater than 1.0. Based on this, it appears that\nthe risk of sustaining an injury on AT under some conditions might be lowered compared to NG. However, until more is known\nabout how issues such as altered playing styles affect injury incidence, it is difficult tomake firmconclusions regarding the influence\nof AT on player safety....
Developing more accurate assessments of physical activity (PA) and sedentary behavior (SB) is an important public health\nresearch priority. Assessing PA and SB is challenging in all segments of the population, but it is especially difficult in children\ndue to cognitive limitations and more sporadic and intermittent activity patterns. Moreover, they are influenced by several factors\nincluding temporal-spatial constraints and social conditions. To accurately assess PA and SB, it is essential to clearly define methods\nfor describing all these factors. The goal of this paper is to potentiate advances in the field by proposing a base ontology for\ncharacterizing physical activity, sedentary behavior, and the context in which it occurs. The ontology would establish a flexible\nbase language to facilitate standardized descriptions of these behaviors for researchers and public health professionals....
Enhancing flexibility by the means of stretching is an effective preparatory activity that is implemented by numerous athletes throughout the world to enhance their physical performance. Flexibility is defined as the range of motion around a specific joint or a group of joints and is further subdivided into static flexibility and dynamic flexibility. A flexible musculature aids in preventing injuries to the musculoskeletal system of the body. Static flexibility is defined as the degree to which a joint can be passively moved to the end points in the range of motion. Dynamic flexibility refers to the degree to which a joint can be moved by active contraction of the muscles. The stretching is divided into three basic categories: ballistic stretching- it makes use of repetitive bouncing movements, static stretching- in this technique the muscle is stretched to the end point of range of motion available and is held there for an extended period, proprioceptive neuromuscular stretching- it utilizes alternating contractions and stretching of the muscles. Every stretching method is based upon the neurophysiological phenomenon involving the stretch reflex. The muscle spindle and golgi organs of the tendon are special receptors that are extremely sensitive to changes in muscle length and tension subjected to the musculoskeletal system; these special receptors are activated mainly under the influence of stretching. As ballistic, static and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching techniques produces different responses from stretch reflex, the effectiveness of these different stretching maneuvers varies up to a certain extend. Various studies conducted upon the effectiveness of various stretching techniques have produced contradictory results. However, the information upon the topic suggests that the use of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation is considered best in attaining flexibility....
Background. The purpose of this study was to compare outcomes of medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) repair or\nreconstruction. Methods. Fourteen knees that underwent MPFL repair and nine (F5, M4) knees that underwent reconstruction\nat our institution were evaluated for objective and subjective outcomes.Themean age at operation was 20.1 years for repair and 19.8\nyears for reconstruction. All patients had a minimum of 2 years of follow-up (range: 24ââ?¬â??75 months). Patient subjective outcomes\nwere obtained using the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) and Kujala patellofemoral subjective evaluations,\nas well as Visual Analog (VAS) and Tegner Activity Scales. Bilateral isometric quadriceps strength and vastus medialis obliquus\n(VMO) and vastus lateralis (VL) surface EMG were measured during maximal isometric quadriceps contractions at 30Ã?° and 60Ã?° of\nflexion. Results.There were no redislocations in either group. There was no difference in IKDC (P = 0.16), Kujala (P = 0.43), Tegner\n(P = 0.12), orVAS (P = 0.05) scores at follow-up. Therewere no differences between repair and reconstruction in torque generation\nof the involved side at 30Ã?° P = 0.96) and 60Ã?° (P = 0.99). In addition, there was no side to side difference in torque generation or\nsurface EMG activation of VL or VMO. Conclusions. There were minimal differences found between patients undergoing MPFL\nrepair and MPFL reconstruction for the objective and subjective evaluations in this study....
Previous research has compared the effects of trunk inclination angle on muscle activation using barbells and Smith machines\nin men. Whether similar effects occur with the use of dumbbells or in women remains unknown. The purpose was to compare\nupper extremity surface electromyographical (EMG) activity between dumbbell bench, incline, and shoulder presses. Dominate\narm EMG data were recorded for collegiate-aged female resistance trained individuals (n = 12) and novice female resistance\ntrained exercisers (n = 12) from which average EMG amplitude for each repetition phase (concentric, eccentric) was computed.\nNo significant differences were found between experienced and novice resistance trained individuals. For the upper trapezius and\nanterior deltoidmuscles, shoulder press activation was significantly greater than incline presswhich in turn was significantly greater\nthan bench press across both phases.Thebench and incline presses promoted significantly greater pectoralismajor sternal activation\ncompared to the shoulder press (both phases).While pectoralis major clavicular activation during the incline press eccentric phase\nwas significantly greater than both the bench and shoulder presses, activation during the bench press concentric phase promoted\nsignificantly greater activation than the incline press which in turn was significantly greater than the shoulder press. These results\nprovide evidence for selecting exercises in resistance and rehabilitation programs....
Sudden cardiac death (SCD) in young competitive athletes (<35 years old) is a tragic event that has been brought to public attention\nin the past few decades. The incidence of SCD is reported to be 1-2/100,000 per year, with athletes at a 2.5 times higher risk. Soccer\nis the most popular sport in the world, played by people of all ages. However, unfortunately it is cardiovascular diseases such as\nhypertrophic cardiomyopathy and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy that have subtly missed screening and claimed\nthe lives of soccer stars such asMarcVivien Foe andAntonio Puerta during live action on the field and on an internationally televised\nstage. This paper covers the physiological demands of soccer and the relationship between soccer and SCD. It also reviews themost\ncommon causes of SCD in young athletes, discusses the current guidelines in place by The F�´ed�´eration Internationale de Football\nAssociation (FIFA) for screening among professional soccer players, and the precautions that have been put in place to prevent\nSCD on the field in professional soccer....
Purpose. To examine the effects of static and proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching of the shoulder internal\nrotators on throwing velocity. Subjects. 27 male throwers (mean age = 25.1 years old, SD= 2.4) with adequate knowledge of\ndemonstrable throwing mechanics. Study Design. Randomized crossover trial with repeated measures. Methods. Subjects warmed\nup, threw 10 pitches at their maximum velocity, were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 stretching protocols (static, PNF, or no stretch),\nand then repeated their 10 pitches. Velocities were recorded after each pitch and average and peak velocities were recorded after\neach session. Results. Data were analyzed using a 3 Ã?â?? 2 repeated measures ANOVA. No significant interaction between stretching\nand throwing velocity was observed. Main effects for time were not statistically significant. Main effects for the stretching groups\nwere statistically significant. Discussion. Results suggest that stretching of the shoulder internal rotators did not significantly affect\nthrowing velocity immediately after stretching. This may be due to the complexity of the throwing task. Conclusions. Stretching\nmay be included in a throwerââ?¬â?¢s warm-up without any effects on throwing velocity. Further research should be performed using a\npopulation with more throwing experience and skill....
A regular warm up routine is an essential component of any athlete’s program irrespective of their age or competition level. This maneuver is performed in order to prepare the musculoskeletal aspect of the body from strenuous physical activity. These kinds of activities are intended to enhance physical performance in sports and also to prevent sports related injuries. Warming up prior to participation in sports prepares the mind, heart, muscles and joints for play. Primarily warm up maneuvers are used for increasing body temperature and are classified in three main categories. The passive warm up, the general warm up and the specific warm up. The most effective out of the three appears to be the specific warm up as this method provides a rehearsal sort prior to the activity itself. Majority of the benefits related to the warm up technique are associated with the physiological changes arising as a result of temperature changes inside the body or the specific site. Elevation in the body temperature produces an increase in the dissociation of oxygen from haemoglobin and myoglobin, further lowering of the activation energy rates of metabolic chemical reactions, the blood flow increases, there is also reduction in muscle viscosity, an increase in the sensitivity of nerve receptors and an increase in the speed of nervous impulses. Warm-up also aides in increasing the muscle elasticity thus reducing the likelihood of sports related injuries. It is extremely important to formulate a warm up session separately for each and every athlete according to their physical capabilities and keeping in consideration the environmental factors which may alter the temperature response....
Objective. The purpose of this study was to determine whether race day cortisol was related to bone mineral density (BMD) in\ncompetitive male cyclists. A secondary purpose was to determine additional factors associated with BMD in competitive male\ncyclists. Methods. Measurements of lumbar spine and hip BMD were performed in 35 male competitors in a state championship\ncycling time trial event. Salivary cortisol was measured 10 minutes prior to the start of the race and 5 minutes after race finished.\nParticipants reported daily calcium intake, age, years of bike training, races per season, and average weekly minutes spent riding\na bike, weight training, and running on a survey. Results. Cortisol level increased significantly from pre- to postcompetition but\nwas not significantly associated with BMD. Increased weekly minutes of weight training was associated with higher BMD of the\nlumbar spine and the hip. The increased number of years of cycling experience was associated with lower BMD of the femoral\nneck. Increased daily calcium intake was associated with higher BMD of the lumbar spine and femoral neck. Conclusions. Findings\nindicate that cyclists should participate in weight training and increase calcium intake in order to increase or maintain BMD of the\nlumbar spine and hip....
This study postulates the information regarding various types of exercises performed individually or within a group or during a mass treatment. The advantages and the disadvantages of both the exercise treatment approaches have been proportioned accordingly. The individual exercises whilst focus upon the certain needs of an individual and the specific needs are dealt accordingly. The group treatment represents a variety of advantages and helps treating various individuals at the same time. The group treatment helps various individuals getting motivated and also introduces them to a varied level of competition with their peer partners. A lot of selective treatment protocols also have been briefly described. Also, various treatment protocols have been explained for various disabled individuals as they should be motivated to focus upon various sports activities, co-curricular and other recreational activities, i.e. the sports activities whose performance are unaffected of the disability for example: a paraplegic person can opt for playing table tennis, archery etc....
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